Водный режим почвы и продуктивность яблоневого сада

Research results of spreading water in light - chestnut soils under drop irrigation of young apple tree garden in dry - steppe gone of Nighniy Povolghye region are presented. Producing ability of apple tree garden in the first years of yielding depending on pre - irrigation humidity, depth and volume of irrigation are calculated. Practice recommendations for calculating of irrigation amount, taking in account age changes in functioning of apple tree cgrocenosesin young garden are elaborated.Приведены результаты исследования закономерностей распределения влаги в почве при капельном орошении молодого яблоневого сада, распространенной в сухостепной зоне на светло-каштановых почвах Нижнего Поволжья. Установлена продуктивность яблочного сада в первые три года плодоношения в зависимости от предполивной влажности, глубины увлажнения и обмена подачи поливной воды. Разработаны практические рекомендации к методике расчета поливной нормы, учитывающие возрастные изменения функционирования яблоневых агроценозов в молодом саду

Increasing the resource efficiency of storing agricultural products

The article presents statistical data on the dynamics of the development of the Russian agro-industrial complex in the direction of increasing productivity and notes the problems faced by the processing industry (crop products). For successful crop production, plant protection products are used that enter the soil and groundwater, which indirectly affects the state of the environment. The importance of the implementation of the Long-term strategy for the development of the grain complex of the Russian Federation was emphasized. Analyzed data from studies on the storage of grain harvest, which is subjected to fumigation; an assessment of the safety of the tightness of the filled power carriers was carried out. The features of soil, water and air pollution in the zone of influence are discussed. The danger of using pesticides, which create risks of chemical contamination of environmental objects and food products of the population, is emphasized. Statistical information characterizing modern methods of grain storage in the Southern and Central Federal Districts, the pros and cons of these methods are considered. Examples of the practical significance of power runners in the process of grain storage are given (based on data from representatives of the agro-industrial complex). The issues of fumigation of the grain mass at the stage of storage in silobags are touched upon. The possibility of environmental impact of by-products of storage of grain mass is discussed. Ecological aspects of this storage technology are analyzed. Proposals for improving approaches to the storage of grain mass are formulated

Twin-photon techniques for photo-detector calibration

The aim of this review paper is to enlighten some recent progresses in quantum optical metrology in the part of quantum efficiency measurements of photo-detectors performed with bi-photon states. The intrinsic correlated nature of entangled photons from Spontaneous Parametric Down Conversion phenomenon has opened wide horizons to a new approach for the absolute measurement of photo-detector quantum efficiency, outgoing the requirement for conventional standards of optical radiation; in particular the simultaneous feature of the creation of conjugated photons led to a well known technique of coincidence measurement, deeply understood and implemented for standard uses. On the other hand, based on manipulation of entanglement developed for Quantum Information protocols implementations, a new method has been proposed for quantum efficiency measurement, exploiting polarisation entanglement in addition to energy-momentum and time ones, that is based on conditioned polarisation state manipulation. In this review, after a general discussion on absolute photo-detector calibration, we compare these different methods, in order to give an accurate operational sketch of the absolute quantum efficiency measurement state of the art

Comparative H-mode density limit studies in JET and AUG

Identification of the mechanisms for the H-mode density limit in machines with fully metallic walls, and their scaling to future devices is essential to find for these machines the optimal operational boundaries with the highest attainable density and confinement. Systematic investigations of H-mode density limit plasmas in experiments with deuterium external gas fuelling have been performed on machines with fully metallic walls, JET and AUG and results have been compared with one another. Basically, the operation phases are identical for both tokamaks: the stable H-mode phase, degrading H-mode phase, breakdown of the H-mode with energy confinement deterioration usually accompanied by a dithering cycling phase, followed by the l -mode phase. The observed H-mode density limit on both machines is found close to the Greenwald limit (n/n GW =0.8–1.1 in the observed magnetic configurations). The similar behavior of the radiation on both tokamaks demonstrates that the density limit (DL) is neither related to additional energy losses from the confined region by radiation, nor to an inward collapse of the hot discharge core induced by overcooling of the plasma periphery by radiation. It was observed on both machines that detachment, as well as the X-point MARFE itself, does not trigger a transition in the confinement regime and thus does not present a limit on the plasma density. It is the plasma confinement, most likely determined by edge parameters, which is ultimately responsible for the transition from H- to l -mode. The measured Greenwald fractions are found to be consistent with the predictions from different theoretical models [16,30] based on MHD instability theory in the near-SOL.EURATOM 63305

The boson peak and the first sharp diffraction peak in (As2S3)x(GeS2)1–x glasses

The parameters of the boson peak (BP) and the first sharp diffraction peak (FSDP) in (As2S3)x(GeS2)1x glasses measured using high-resolution Raman spectroscopy and high-energy synchrotron X-ray diffraction measurements are examined as a function of x. It has been found that there is no correlation between the positions of BP and FSDP. The BP position shows a nonlinear composition behavior with a maximum at about x = 0.4, whereas the FSDP position changes virtually linearly with x. The intensities of both BP and FSDP show nonlinear composition dependences with the slope changes at x = 0.4, although there is no direct proportionality. Analysis of the partial structure factors for the glasses with x = 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 obtained in another study has shown that the cation-cation atomic pairs of Ge–Ge, Ge–As and As–As make the largest contribution to FSDP, where the Ge–Ge and Ge–As pairs are dominant

Tailoring Single and Multiphoton Probabilities of a Single Photon On-Demand Source

As typically implemented, single photon sources cannot be made to produce single photons with high probability, while simultaneously suppressing the probability of yielding two or more photons. Because of this, single photon sources cannot really produce single photons on demand. We describe a multiplexed system that allows the probabilities of producing one and more photons to be adjusted independently, enabling a much better approximation of a source of single photons on demand.Comment: 4 pages, LaTex, 2 figures, twocolumn and RevTex Style for PR

Диагностические и прогностические возможности электрохимических измерений редокс потенциала плазмы крови

Aims: Determination of operating characteristics of the test based on blood plasma redox potential monitoring in patients with different pathological conditions associated with impaired oxygen metabolism during treatment in postoperative period and expanding the range of parameters of the developed method of investigation of blood plasma redox potential.Methods: It were examined healthy volunteers group as following group (n =63), groups of patients with transplanted liver (n =64), kidney (n =59), and lungs (n =7). Redox potential measurements were done by platinum electrode, reference electrode was silver-chlorine one. Potentiostate IPC-ProL was used to registrate and record a dependence redox potential via time. Time of measurement was 15 min.Results: statistically significant differencees of redox potentials ranges was found in healthy volunteers and patients with transplanted kidney and liver. Ratio of measured redox potentials coincident with the values within the confidence interval in healthy volunteers was 12% in patients with transplanted kidney and 10% in patients with transplanted liver. We observed significant differences in the nature of changes of blood plasma's redox potential values in course of monitoring of subgroups of patients with and without complications after liver transplantation. It was found that sensitivity of electrochemical method was 85%, selectivity — 69,8%, precision — 85,2%.Conclusion: we discovered value ranges of blood plasma redox potential typical for different pathological states; we detected an interaction between the effect of treatment and quantitative changes in the values of the blood plasma redox potentials; criterion for early predicition of complications in patients with transplanted liver was proposed basing on redox potential monitoring during postoperative period.Цель исследования: определение операционных характеристик теста на основе мониторинга величин редокс-потенциала плазмы крови пациентов с различными патологическими состояниями, сопровождающимися нарушениями кислородного обмена в процессе лечения; расширение спектра параметров разработанного нами метода исследования редокс-потенциала плазмы крови.Методы: обследованы группы практически здоровых добровольцев (n =63) и пациентов со следующими патологиями: с трансплантацией почки (n =59), печени (n =64) и легкого (n =7). Измерения редокс-потенциала проводили на платиновом микроэлектроде относительно насыщенного хлорсеребряного электрода сравнения. Потенциостат IPC-Pro L (НПФ «Вольта») был использован для записи зависимостей потенциала от времени. Время регистрации составляло 15 мин.Результаты: обнаружены статистически достоверные различия в диапазонах величин редокс-потенциала для практически здоровых людей и пациентов с трансплантированными почкой и печенью. Доля измеренных величин редокс-потенциалов, совпадающих с величинами, находящимися в пределах доверительного интервала редокс-потенциалов практически здоровых людей, составила 12% для пациентов с трансплантированной почкой и 10% для пациентов с трансплантированной печенью. Обнаружено существенное различие в характере изменений величин редокс-потенциала плазмы крови при мониторинге подгрупп пациентов с наличием и отсутствием осложнений после трансплантации печени. Найдено, что чувствительность электрохимического метода определения величин редокс-потенциала плазмы крови составила 85,7%, специфичность — 69,8%, точность — 85,2%.Заключение: обнаружены диапазоны величин редокс-потенциала плазмы крови, характерные для различных патологических состояний; установлена связь эффекта проводимого лечения с количественными изменениями величин редокс-потенциала плазмы крови пациента; предложен критерий для раннего прогнозирования осложнений у пациентов с трансплантированной печенью на основе мониторинга редокс-потенциала в послеоперационном периоде.

ВЛИЯНИЕ ТИМИЧЕСКИХ ПЕПТИДОВ НА АНАЛЬГЕЗИЮ, ВЫЗВАННУЮ ОСТРОЙ И ПОДОСТРОЙ ИММОБИЛИЗАЦИЕЙ

Objective: Our aim was to investigate the influence of thymic polypeptides on pain sensitivity and to analyze a possible role of the opioid system in the implementation of the analgesia caused by immobilization stress. Methods: The study was performed on male Wistar rats at the Moscow state University named after M. V. Lomonosov. We studied effects of thymus peptides: thymuline (0.15 mg/kg), fraction 5 thymosin (0.25 microgram/kg) and tactivin (0.5 mg/kg) on pain sensitivity in rats using test «tail flick» without stress, with acute (3 h) and sub acute (12 h) immobilization stress. The comparison groups were animals treated with saline and spleen polypeptides. Results: It is shown that preparations of thymus increase the threshold of pain sensitivity in the intact animals. Immobilization stress duration 3 and 12 h in thymus peptides treated rats caused a less pronounced increase in pain threshold than in the control groups (immobilization stress 3 h: tactivin — р=0.025, thymuline — р=0.022, fraction 5 thymosin — р=0.033; immobilization stress 12 h: tactivin — р=0.034, thymuline — р=0.027, fraction 5 thymosin — р=0.036.). The opioid receptor blocker naloxone (1 mg/kg) did not completely block the stress-induced analgesia, indicating the presence of both opioid and non-opioid components in this state. In thymus peptides treated rats, opioid component was less pronounced than in the control groups (tactivin — р=0.031, thymuline — р=0.026, fraction 5 thymosin — р=0.029). Conclusion: Pre-activation of the opioid system by the thymus polypeptides leads to an increase in the share of non-opioid component of the stress-induced analgesia and prevents the depletion of the opioid system in immobilization stress. Цель исследования: исследовать влияние полипептидов тимуса на болевую чувствительность и определить роль опиоидной системы в реализации анальгезии, вызванной иммобилизационным стрессом. Методы: исследование выполнено на самцах крыс линии Wistar в Московском государственном университете им. М.В. Ломоносова. Изучено влияние пептидов тимуса: тимулина (0,15 мг/кг), фракции 5 тимозина (0,25 мкг/кг) и тактивина (0,5 мг/кг) на болевую чувствительность крыс с помощью теста отдергивания хвоста без стресса, при остром (3 ч) и подостром (12 ч) иммобилизационном стрессе. В контрольные группы были включены животные, получавшие физиологический раствор и полипептиды селезенки. По окончании тестирования снижали активность опиоидной системы налоксоном. Результаты: показано, что препараты тимуса увеличивают порог болевой чувствительности у интактных животных. Иммобилизационный стресс продолжительностью 3 и 12 ч на фоне пептидов тимуса вызывал менее выраженное увеличение порога болевой чувствительности, чем в контрольных группах (иммобилизация 3 ч: тактивин — р =0,025, тимулин — р =0,022, фракция 5 тимозина — р =0,033; иммобилизация 12 ч: тактивин — р =0,034, тимулин — р =0,027, фракция 5 тимозина — р =0,036). Блокатор опиоидных рецепторов налоксон (1 мг/кг) не полностью блокировал стресс-вызванную анальгезию, что свидетельствовало о наличии как опиоидного, так и неопиодного компонентов данного состояния. На фоне пептидов тимуса опиоидный компонент был менее выражен, чем в контрольных группах (тактивин — р =0,031, тимулин — р =0,026, фракция 5 тимозина — р =0,029). Заключение: предварительная активация опиоидной системы полипептидами тимуса приводит к увеличению доли неопиоидного компонента анальгезии при стрессировании и препятствует истощению опиоидной системы при иммобилизационном стрессе.

Нейропептиды, цитокины и тимические пептиды как эффекторы взаимодействия тимуса и нейроэндокринной системы

The review presents data on mutual influence of nervous system and thymus, realized through the neuroendocrine-immune interactions. The presence of adrenergic and peptidergic nerves in thymus creates conditions for implementation of the effect of neuropeptides secreted by them. These neuropeptides induce activation of thymus cells receptors and influence on the main processes in thymus, including T-lymphocyte maturation, cytokine and hormones production. In turn, thymus peptides and/or cytokines, controlled by them, enter the brain and exert influence on neuronal function, which creates the basis for changes of behavior and homeostasis maintenance in response to infection. Ageing and some infectious, autoimmune, neurodegenerative and cancer diseases are accompanied by distortion of interactions between thymus and central nervous system. Mechanisms of signaling pathways, which determine these interactions, are not revealed yet, and their understanding will promote the development of effective therapeutic strategies.В обзоре приведены данные о взаимодействии нейроэндокринной системы и тимуса, осуществляемом через нейроэндокринно-иммунные адаптивные системы организма. Присутствие адренергических и пептидергических нервов в тимусе создает условия для воздействия продуцируемых ими нейропептидов. Последние активируют рецепторы на тимических клетках, влияя на основные процессы в тимусе, включая созревание Т лимфоцитов, продукцию цитокинов, гормонов и пептидов. В свою очередь, продуцируемые тимусом пептиды и/или контролируемые ими цитокины проникают в мозг, влияя на функции нейронов, что создает основу для поведенческих изменений и поддержания гомеостаза в ответ на инфекцию. При старении организма, а также ряде заболеваний — инфекционных, аутоиммунных, нейродегенеративных, онкологических — показаны нарушения взаимодействий процессов в тимусе и центральной нервной системе. Механизмы сигнальных реакций, определяющих эти взаимодействия, еще не ясны, и их понимание будет способствовать развитию комплексных эффективных терапевтических стратегий

Multi-photon, multi-mode polarization entanglement in parametric down-conversion

We study the quantum properties of the polarization of the light produced in type II spontaneous parametric down-conversion in the framework of a multi-mode model valid in any gain regime. We show that the the microscopic polarization entanglement of photon pairs survives in the high gain regime (multi-photon regime), in the form of nonclassical correlation of all the Stokes operators describing polarization degrees of freedom